HCT116 Xenograft Model

HCT116 xenograft model (subcutaneous and metastatic)

Novel therapeutic approaches are necessary for colon cancer patients to prevent disease relapse and progression. The incidence rates for colorectal cancer are on the rise in patients younger than age 50, even though it mostly affects older people, as per the Colon Cancer Alliance (CCA).  Xenografting is the transplantation of tissues from one species to another, with xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice serving as a widely used technique in preclinical oncology research. Thoroughly designed animal models can contribute invaluable information for gaining further understanding of drug response in humans, enabling the discovery of new therapeutic agents. The HCT116 cell line was isolated from epithelial tumorigenic colon tissue of an adult male patient with colorectal carcinoma. The HCT116 cell line is used to create the CDX (Cell Line Derived Xenograft) HCT116 xenograft mouse model. Tumor growth inhibition of a therapeutic agent (such as docetaxel, 5-FU, flavopiridol) is ideal as a single agent or in combination using the HCT116 xenograft model.

Download Altogen Labs HCT116 Xenograft Model PowerPoint Presentation: PPT2

Basic study design

  1. Flasks are maintained at exponential growth phase prior to collection.
  2. The cells are trypsinized and cell count/viability is determined by trypan blue (min req 98% viability).  Cell suspensions are then diluted to the required concentration for inoculation.
  3. One million cells of the matrigel + HCT116 cell suspension (vol of 100 uL) is injected s.c. into the hind leg of all mice (NOD/SCID or athymic BALB/C, 10-12 w.o.).
  4. The injection sites are observed until tumors are palpable. Digital calipers are used to measure tumors .  Initial grouping starts when tumors reach sizes of 50-150 mm3.
  5. Post-sorting into the required treatment groups, the test compound of interest is injected following the treatment schedule.
  6. Tumor measurements are taken daily and mouse weights are recorded (3 times weekly).
  7. As the study tumor size reaches the predetermined tumor size limit, animals are euthanized.
  8. As decided for the end of the experiment, necropsy and tissue collection is performed.  Tumors are removed, weighed and documented (digital imaging).
  9. Tissues and tumors are collected for further analysis by a standard gross necropsy.
  10. Tumors/tissues can be frozen, prepared for histology, stabilized in RNAlater or an isolation performed to capture the nucleic acid for genetic analysis.

Metastatic Model

CDX models are mouse xenografts used in pre-clinical therapeutic studies.  However, as primary tumors proliferate they invade surrounding tissue, become circulatory, survive in circulation, implant in foreign parenchyma and proliferate in the distant tissue.  This result leads to an extremely high percentage of death in cancer patients due to metastasis.  Metastatic tumor mouse models are utilized to develop novel therapeutic agents that target metastasis (anti-metastatic therapeutics).

To create a metastatic model, the cell line of interest is transfected with vectors containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase.  Maintained under antibiotic selection, only cells containing the integrated vector will survive.  The new cell line clones are capable of stably expressing the gene of interest and are used in metastatic mouse model studies.  Although each new cell line clone may contain its own inherent difficulties, the new cell line contains the ability to track internal tumor progression via bioluminescence (luciferase fluorescence after injecting luciferin) or fluorescence (GFP).  Internal orthotopic and metastatic tumor growth (not palpable) can now be measured throughout the study, enabling a researcher to gain more insight and additional data in contrast to relying on end of study tumor weight measurements.

Case Study: U87-luc Xenograft Model

An example of Altogen Labs utilizing a luciferase expressing cell line to monitor orthotopic tumor growth is exhibited below.  The same ideology of tumor observation is incorporated in metastatic tumor models.

Luciferase expressing U87-luc cells were implanted and tumors allowed to grow.  Tumor growth was monitored in a Night Owl (Berthold Technologies) imaging system 10 minutes after an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the luciferin substrate.  As seen in the example below, luciferase expression (measured as photons emitted) in the U87-luc model grants the researcher a visual image and quantifiable metric for orthotopic or metastatic tumor progression.

Figure 1. Luciferase expression in U87-luc orthotopic model.  Control and implanted glioma mouse model fluorescence was analyzed 10 minutes after intraperitoneal luciferin injection.

View full details of the case study by clicking here.

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HCT116 Xenograft Model

Xenograft animal models are used to assess the effectiveness of drugs against specific types of cancer. New medicines are tested on staged tumor growths that have been engrafted via subcutaneous or orthotopic inoculation in an immunocompromised mouse or rat model. All clinically approved anti-cancer agents have been evaluated with conventional preclinical in vivo models. Xenograft studies can be highly complex, starting with the selection of the appropriate animal model, choice of tumorigenic cell line, administration method, dosing, analysis of tumor growth rates and tumor analysis (histology, mRNA and protein expression levels).

Altogen Labs provides an array of laboratory services using over 30 standard Cell Line Derived Xenograft (CDX) models and over 20 PDX models. Researchers investigating the role of specific proteins or gene products in regulating tumor growth can benefit from development of protein overexpression (genetically engineered to ectopically express proteins, tumor suppressors, or oncogenes) and RNAi cell lines with long term gene silencing. Altogen Labs provides quantitative gene expression analysis of mRNA expression (RT-PCR) and protein expression analysis using the WES system (ProteinSimple).

The dosing of the experimental compound of interest is initiated, for a staged study, when the mean tumor size reaches a specified volume (typically 50-100 mm3). In an unstaged study, the dosing of the compound of interest is initiated immediately after xenografting. Mice are dosed once or twice a day for 28 days (or other desired study duration) via the chosen route of administration. Tumor volume (mm3) is calculated via the “(W x W x L) / 2” formula, where W is tumor width and L is tumor length.

Animal handling and maintenance at the Altogen Labs facility is IACUC-regulated and GLP-compliant. Following acclimatization to the vivarium environment, mice are sorted according to body mass. The animals are examined daily for tumor appearance and clinical signs. We provide detailed experimental procedures, health reports and data (all-inclusive report is provided to the client that includes methods, results, discussion and raw data along with statistical analysis). Additional services available include collection of tissue, histology, isolation of total protein or RNA and analysis of gene expression. Our animal facilities have the flexibility to use specialized food or water systems for inducible gene expression systems.

Following options are available for the HCT116 xenograft model:

  • HCT116 Tumor Growth Delay (TGD; latency)
  • HCT116 Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI)
  • Dosing frequency and duration of dose administration
  • Dosing route (intravenous, intratracheal, continuous infusion, intraperitoneal, intratumoral, oral gavage, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intranasal, using cutting-edge micro-injection techniques and pump-controlled IV injection)
  • HCT116 tumor immunohistochemistry
  • Alternative cell engraftment sites (orthotopic transplantation, tail vein injection and left ventricular injection for metastasis studies, injection into the mammary fat pad, intraperitoneal injection)
  • Blood chemistry analysis
  • Toxicity and survival (optional: performing a broad health observation program)
  • Gross necropsies and histopathology
  • Positive control group employing cyclophosphamide, at a dosage of 50 mg/kg administered by intramuscular injection to the control group daily for the study duration
  • Lipid distribution and metabolic assays
  • Imaging studies: Fluorescence-based whole body imaging, MRI

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HCT116 Xenograft Model